Lesson-specific original diagram for Electrolytic cells and minimum applied voltage. Model: E circ nonspont <0; V applied must overcome thermodynamic and practical losses. It supports this lesson focus: Electrolytic cells use external electrical energy to drive nonspontaneous redox; the thermodynamic minimum is not the same as actual operating voltage. Text-only equivalent: use the model statement, identify variables/species, then connect the representation to the lesson calculation and evidence check.